Diabetes & Thyroid (Endocrinology)

内分泌学家是受过专门训练的医生，可以诊断影响腺体的疾病. 他们知道如何治疗那些复杂的疾病，这些疾病通常涉及到你体内的许多系统. 当你的内分泌系统出现问题时，你的初级保健医生会建议你去看内分泌学家.

The endocrine system is a complex group of glands. Glands are organs that make hormones. These are substances that help to control activities in your body. Different types of hormones control reproduction, metabolism (food burning and waste elimination) and growth and development. Hormones also control the way you respond to your surroundings, 它们有助于提供身体正常运转所需的适量能量和营养. The glands that make up the endocrine system include the thyroid, 甲状旁腺, 胰腺, 卵巢, 睾丸, 肾上腺, pituitary and hypothalamus.

内分泌学家经过培训，通过帮助恢复你体内激素的正常平衡来诊断和治疗激素失衡和问题. They take care of many conditions, including:

• Diabetes
• 甲状腺疾病
• Metabolic disorders
• 肾上腺疾病
• Over- or under-production of hormones
• 更年期
• 骨质疏松症
• Hypertension (high blood pressure)
• Cholesterol (lipid) disorders
• Lack of growth (short stature)
• Cancers of the endocrine glands

内分泌学家还进行基础研究以了解腺体的工作方式，并进行临床研究以了解治疗激素失衡患者的最佳方法. 通过研究，内分泌学家开发出新的药物和治疗激素问题的方法.

Diabetes is a complex disease that requires daily self-management, making healthy food choices, staying physically active, monitoring your blood sugar and taking medications as prescribed. 定期与你的Diabetes护理团队讨论解决问题也很重要, reduce risks for complications and cope with lifestyle changes.

成功的自我管理会让你感觉更好，并能减少你患上包括心脏病在内的并发症的机会, 牙病, 眼睛疾病, 肾脏疾病, nerve damage and lower leg amputation.

Diabetes management can feel overwhelming at times as you manage food, 体育活动, blood sugar monitoring and medications at the same time. It is not uncommon to experience fear, anger, or stress. 我们的注册营养师和Diabetes教育者团队可以与您合作，帮助您克服障碍. 

 
这个项目 is designed to help you learn how to take care of yourself, guide you through your treatment and help you with any fears, issues and problems you encounter along the way.

我们的Diabetes项目包括每周三个面对面或在线的小组教育课程. After completing the class series, 注册营养师将为个人安排一对一的访问，以个性化他们的营养和生活方式目标. We also provide ongoing support through our monthly Diabetes support group.

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什么是Diabetes?
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder where the 胰腺 produces little or no insulin, causing blood sugar to rise.

What are the symptoms of Diabetes?
The most common symptoms are frequent urination, 视力模糊, wounds that don’t heal, 频繁的感染, increased thirst and chronic fatigue. 如果你有这些症状或有Diabetes家族史，请去看医生做血液检查.

What is the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes?
1型Diabetes(约占Diabetes患者的10%)是一种自身免疫性疾病，患者的免疫系统会攻击产生胰岛素的胰腺细胞. 2型Diabetes(约占Diabetes患者的80%至90%)是一种影响胰岛素产生和利用的进行性慢性疾病. 一般来说，患有2型Diabetes的人仍然会产生胰岛素，尽管效率不高.  

What is the treatment for Diabetes?
医学治疗以控制血糖以及预防和监测并发症为中心. 教导人们如何管理他们的Diabetes，并定期与他们的医疗保健提供者进行随访，对于长期健康至关重要. 人们学会监测自己的血糖，并接受医学治疗来控制血糖. 1型Diabetes患者需要注射胰岛素来控制血糖并最终维持生存. 2型Diabetes患者可以通过改变生活方式和/或口服药物来控制血糖. 根据患者通过其他方式控制血糖的能力，可能需要胰岛素.  

只有孩子会得1型Diabetes，只有成年人会得2型Diabetes，这是真的吗?
Commonly Type 1 Diabetes manifests in childhood and teenage years, though it can occur at anytime of the life cycle. Type 2 Diabetes previously was called adult-onset Diabetes. We are now seeing Type 2 manifesting at all ages, even in children.  

What are the medical complications associated with Diabetes, and how do providers monitor these complications?
与Diabetes相关的并发症包括心脏病和中风的风险增加, damage to small blood vessels of the eyes and kidneys, and damage to the nervous system. Diabetes患者应每3至6个月定期去看医生. 监测患者的血糖和血压控制，评估和/或治疗潜在的心血管疾病. Exams or tests done annually include dilated eye exam, 脚考试, 血液中胆固醇, and urinalysis to monitor for kidney changes.  

How do healthcare providers monitor blood sugar control?
A blood test called the hemoglobin A1c is used to determine blood sugar control. 这个测试测量血红蛋白(一种血液蛋白)附着糖或葡萄糖的百分比. 百分比越高，说明在过去的2到3个月里血糖水平越高. 结果更接近地反映了抽血前一个月内的血糖水平.  

Diabetes患者怎样才能降低患Diabetes相关并发症的风险?
Following a healthy lifestyle will decrease the risk of heart disease and stroke. 血糖和血压控制在显著降低并发症风险方面起着重要作用. Diabetes患者可以做的最重要的事情之一是接受有关管理Diabetes的教育. 生活方式药 在十大正规网赌软件提供的课程，使个人作出生活方式的选择，将促进他们的健康和福祉.  

Will insurance cover Diabetes education classes?
一般来说，大多数保险公司在一定程度上覆盖Diabetes教育，如果免赔额已经达到. 我们建议您与您的保险公司核实Diabetes教育课程的覆盖范围. 

How can I get a test for Diabetes?
去看家庭医生，他会检测你的空腹血糖或随机血糖水平.  

In addition to medication, how can I lower my blood sugar levels?
In addition to taking medication, you can lower blood sugar levels by educating yourself, making healthy food choices, increasing activity levels, and decreasing stress levels.